Styrene is an organic compound, derived from benzene. It is the raw material of polystyrene and it is naturally found in small proportions in cinnamon, coffee beans, peanuts, Lawsonia inermis (Henna tree) and plastics, as well as coal tree. Producing styrene in industrial quantity is typically done by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene.

This process was firstly performed in 1958 by Emory Petzer et al. at the Philips Petroleum Company. After production of sulfuric acid catalyst and ammonia synthesis catalyst by Smart Catalyst Company, we are proudly presenting an advanced catalyst which is produced by styrene monomer with remarkable performance, this product presents one of the most challenging usages in industry and provides the conditions for maintaining the economic benefits of the industry. Opting a catalyst that has high efficiency under SHR conditions can remarkably reduce the cost of production in factories. this catalyst that remarkably increases styrene production performance while reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Styrene is a synthetic chemical material which is used so as to produce various kinds of plastic. Since this material is widely used, Smart Catalyst has been able to reduce the environmental effects of styrene production by this catalyst.

Properties Smart EBD4 Smart EBD5
Shape Circular column- Smooth Circular column- Ripped
Color Chocolate  brown Chocolate  brown
Fe2O3, wt% Matrix Matrix
K2O, wt% Min.10 Min.10
Promoter, wt% Min.8 Min.10
Attrition Loss, wt% 1.5 2
L.O.I, wt% 3 3
Size, mm 3 * 4-6 3.5 * 4.5 * 4-6
Surface Area, m2/g 2 – 3 2 – 3
Service cycle, Month 24 – 36 24 – 48
Application very high activity New generation, high selectivity

The properties of styrene monomer catalyst produced in Smart Catalyst Company

  • High activity
  • Long life span
  • Abrasion resistant
  • High mechanical strength
  • Minimal sensitivity to catalytic toxins
  • High conversion capability
  • High selectivity
Styrene monomer catalyst

Services of the Smart Catalyst Company in the field of producing styrene catalyst

  • Careful monitoring during the procedure and production process
  • Performing relevant tests and experiments
  • Performing reactor tests
  • Specifying the exact level of activity and selectivity of ethyl benzene dehydrogenation catalysts
  • Providing consultation to styrene units so as to choose or replace a catalyst proper to their working conditions
  • Updating old styrene units by performing corrective methods (catalyst, reactor and synthesis cycle)

Smart Catalyst Company has been able to produce the most efficient styrene catalyst in Iran with highest activity and selectivity along with reducing costs and therefore increasing efficiency. Tests which have been performed demonstrate the strong performance of this catalyst. Thanks to its exclusive design, ethyl benzene (the ratio of vapor to hydrocarbon is also called SHR) achieves extraordinary activity and selectivity, at relatively low vapor conditions. The higher activity of catalyst increases the efficiency, while better selectivity reduces the by-products such as toluene and benzene, which usually have less value than styrene monomers. This issue is directly associated with economy and increasing efficiency for manufacturers and the petrochemical industry.  Moreover, the optimal performance of the catalyst at SHR ratios makes styrene monomer production a more stable process. Particularly, the conversion process, which includes a new catalyst, consumes 82% less energy and reduces carbon dioxide emissions up to 79%.

Ethyl benzene dehydrogenation catalyst

Ethyl benzene dehydrogenation catalyst

Styrene monomer is produced from ethyl benzene during the hydrogenation reaction. This reaction is highly endothermic (the heat of the reaction equals 28 kilos per mol) and it is also performed at high temperatures even in the absence of catalyst. Of course, in such a situation the rate of conversion and selectivity to styrene would be low. The hydrogenation reaction of ethyl benzene is controlled by thermodynamic equilibrium. Thermodynamic considerations have obligated the reaction in the temperature range of 540-630 °C, with the aim of achieving a conversion rate that is economically acceptable.

The intensity of the reaction with increasing the temperature and decreasing the total pressure. It is noteworthy that performing the reaction at constant pressure, increases the volume. With increasing the temperature, the conversion rate of ethyl benzene increases and the selectivity of styrene decreases, which usually leads to an increase in the production of by-products. Basically, the by-products of this reaction include: toluene benzene, coke and light products made from cracking.

Given the low rate of hydrogenation reaction, even at high temperature levels, it is necessary to perform this reaction in the presence of a catalyst; since catalyst can direct the reaction toward producing the desired product. The benzene produced in the reaction can be recovered; but you should know that toluene cannot be retrieved easily and it is considered as an adverse by-product. Hence, the ratio of benzene to toluene in the final product can be considered as one of the criteria for the effectiveness of the catalyst. The effectual catalyst for the hydrogenation reaction of ethyl benzene contains the active component of iron oxide and the potassium-alkaline promoter, together with other promoters.

In fractionating columns, other by-products are separated from styrene and unreacted ethyl benzene is returned to the beginning of the line. This catalyst is adopted in mono-styrene units of petrochemicals for dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene. The styrene which is produced in polymerization units is widely used in the field of expanded polystyrene, ordinary polystyrene, resistant polystyrene and diverse types of ABS grades.

All over the world, catalysts which have been produced by famous companies, such as BASF and Clarinet have a good quality, in such a way that most of the countries have met their needs through these two companies. The styrene catalyst produced by BASF Company has been able to achieve the highest level of stability and operational efficiency, which is also registered in the world’s largest reference list. In the following sections, you can see the description of BASF Company in this field.

BASF styrene catalyst, the world’s highest stability by the inventor of styrene catalysts. For styrene producers requiring highest operational stability & productivity, StyroStar® offers superior product stability from the original inventor of styrene industrial production and styrene catalysts (1929) as evidenced in the world’s largest reference list including BASF’s own styrene production.

Lack of ethyl benzene dehydrogenation catalyst for the production of mono styrene in the country has forced the petrochemical industry to supply it from foreign countries. but now, R&D department in Smart Catalyst Company have been prospered to localize this product. We promise that the production of styrene monomer catalyst which is produced and commercialized by Smart Catalyst Company can be an alternative to foreign catalysts. This product has the ability to compete with foreign competitors.

Styrene production process

For producing plastic materials and rubbers, styrene is an intermediate compound which is of great importance. This compound is currently produced by the following two processes:

  • Hydrogenation from ethyl benzene, covering about 90% of the global production capacity of this compound.
  • As a by-product of epoxidation of propylene with ethyl benzene hydro peroxide using catalysts based on molybdenum complexes.

Two alternative routes for the production of this monomer have been studied and in some cases have reached commercial scale, including:

  • Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene
  • Hydrogenation from ethyl benzene and then oxidation of hydrogen

Hydrogen catalysts from ethyl benzene

Various catalysts have been used for converting ethyl benzene to styrene. An important criterion for their classification is the way of returning their activity. From this aspect, catalysts for the conversion of ethyl benzene to styrene in the hydrogenation reaction are divided into three categories as follows:

The catalytic activity of the first category gradually reduces and it is only recovered by heating the catalyst with air or an oxygen-carrying gas. Among these catalysts we can mention the following:

  • Vanadium oxide based on activated alumina or silica
  • Vanadium oxide based on Magnesia containing nickel oxide
  • Zinc chromite based on zinc oxide

Besides, cadmium oxide is a catalysts which belongs to this group. Its catalytic effect is permanently lost and cannot be recovered, due to the sublimation of cadmium.

These types of catalysts are recovered by blowing water vapor at the end of the operation. Primary zinc oxide catalysts belong to this category and need to be recovered every two months.

These catalysts are recovered by water vapor with ethyl benzene during operation. Iron oxide catalysts along with promoters fall into category. Nowadays, catalysts which are used on a commercial scale belong to this group.

FAQ

Ethyl benzene, along with vapor, reacts with ethyl benzene dehydrogenation catalyst at a temperature of about 600 ° C to produce mono-styrene with hydrogen and some benzene and toluene. The operation of separating by-products rom styrene is performed in fractionating columns and ethyl benzene is returned to the beginning of the line.

Styrene monomer is produced from ethyl benzene using overheated vapor as an energy source and relies on catalysts to facilitate the dehydrogenation reaction. Moreover, the optimal performance of the catalyst at SHR ratios makes styrene monomer production a much more stable process.

The production of styrene, or vinyl arenas in general, involves the alkylation of benzene. This process is usually performed in difficult conditions including high temperatures and Friedel-Crafts or zeolite catalysts. This process usually involves the bio products of two polyalkyls.

Health dangers:

Repeated exposure to styrene for a long time, will cause respiratory disorders and eye irritation. Given this reason, it is recommended to use glasses and masks when working with this material.

Firing and explosion dangers:

Owing to the fact that this material is pyrophoric, use sprayed water or foam, chemical powder and CO2 to extinguish it during a fire.

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1 Comment. Leave new

  • Therese Ramirec
    2023-03-02 11:49 am

    Greetings! Very helpful advice in this particular article! It is the little changes that will make the largest changes. Thanks for sharing!

    Reply

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